Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry
type: channel
description: Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry e-ISSN 1309-6591 | Period Quarterly | Founded: 2010 | Publisher Mikky Publication Services Private Limited Total Views: 109.589 Total Downloads: 489.940 TR Dizin Citation Count: 186 Dear Authors, Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry will continue its publication on http://tojqi.net/index.php/journal/index. All authors are requested to submit their paper on http://tojqi.net. The new publisher of Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry is Science Research Society and all queries related to journal should be mailed on editor@tojqi.net. All the articles published till Volume 12 Issue 2 will be available on both the websites. New Articles from Volume 12 Issue 3 will be published on http://tojqi.net. In accordance with the TR DİZİN Journal Evaluation Criteria updated for 2020, “Ethics Committee Approval” is requested for articles in all disciplines including social sciences (See TR DİZİN Journal Evaluation Criteria - Article 8.) The relevant information (board name, date and number) should be included in the method section as well as on the first / last page of the article and the relevant approval should be documented. Even if the review process of the articles are completed, the articles that does not meet this criterion may not be published since it will negatively affect the the journal to be indexed in TR DİZİN. Besides, TR DİZİN journal evaluation criteria have made it obligatory to provide information on the compliance of research and publication ethics in the articles. In this context, the following statement should be added to the last page by the responsible author in all articles in TOJQI beginning with Volume 11 Issue 1 (January, 2020). “I, as the Corresponding Author, declare and undertake that in the study titled as XXXX, scientific, ethical and citation rules were followed; Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry Journal Editorial Board has no responsibility for all ethical violations to be …
publisher: Science Research Society
language: en
publication name: Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry
issn: 1309-6591
items: Reconceptualizing Democratic Governance in the Era of Digital Transformation
items: A Privacy-Preserving Multi-Objective Reinforcement Learning Framework for Scalable Big Data Knowledge Discovery and Distributed Processing
items: Adoption of Secure Access Service Edge (SASE) in Distributed Enterprises for Ensuring Cloud Application Protection and Network Optimization through Unified Security Frameworks
items: The Evolution of Database Security from Centralized Architectures to Distributed Cloud-Native Systems: A Comparative and Historical Perspective
items: Deployment of Shift-Left Security Practices in Agile Development for Embedding Security Controls Early in the Lifecycle and Reducing Technical Debt through Dev-Centric Training
items: Smart Agro-Assistant : AI-based Plant Disease Detection with Climate-Aware Cultivation Planning
items: Impact of Digital Payments on Small Businesses in Tirunelveli District
items: A Study of Indian Art Painting Techniques
items: Crop Diversification in Nalgonda District, Telangana
items: STUDIES ON ANTIMICROBAL EVALUATION OF ACHYRANTHES ASPERA, RICE HUSK, TOOTH POWDER AND TOTH PASTE AGAINST ORAL PATHOGENS – GC-MS ANALYSIS
items: Spiritual Intelligence, Resilience, and Life Satisfaction among Youth in the Border Belt of R.S. Pura: A Correlational Study
items: "Artificial Intelligence: Empowering Learning, Inspiring Futures"
items: Virtual and Augmented Reality in STEM Education: Enhancing Students’ Learning Outcomes
items: The Competitive Effects of School Choice on Students’ Achievement
items: Common Fixed Point Theorem For Six Mappings In Dislocated Metric Spaces
items: From Impersonation to Sextortion: A Thematic Case Study of Cyber Enabled Sexual Harassment in Tamil Nadu
items: Power Generation, Transmission, and Distribution: Principles and Recent Developments
items: Ecological (Paradigm) Bhavna In Buddhism And Sustainability
items: The Three Fold Path Of Liberation (Moksha) In Indian Philosophies
items: Identity Faith And The Constitution: Negotiating Religious Freedom In Contemporary India
items: Women In Local Self-Government: A Rural Perspective
items: Manasika Bhāvas and Lifestyle Stress: An Integrative Ayurvedic Review
items: The Role of Humour in Nursing Education
items: Computer-Vision Framework for Automated Analysis of Animal Movement Ecology
items: “Resisting the Raj: A Brief Critical Analysis of Indigenous Movements and Their Role in Shaping Colonial Policy Reforms in 19th Century India”
items: Social Issues in India in the 21st Century
items: Formulation Development and Evaluation of Deferasirox dispersible tablets
items: The Role of Anganwadi Workers in the Integrated Child Development Program
items: Attitude of Teachers towards the Need for Developing Life Skills among Secondary School Students

Reconceptualizing Democratic Governance in the Era of Digital Transformation
type: item
description: This study explores the reconceptualization of democratic governance in the context of rapid digital transformation. It examines how emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, and digital platforms are reshaping governance structures, citizen participation, and policy processes. Based on secondary data and a comprehensive review of recent literature, the study identifies both opportunities and challenges associated with digital governance. Findings reveal that digital transformation enhances transparency, efficiency, and participatory engagement, enabling more inclusive and responsive governance systems. However, it also introduces significant risks, including misinformation, data privacy concerns, algorithmic bias, and digital inequality. The study emphasizes the need for adaptive regulatory frameworks, ethical governance practices, and digital literacy to ensure the effective functioning of democratic systems. It concludes that balancing technological innovation with democratic values is essential for building resilient, accountable, and inclusive governance in an increasingly digitalized world.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Digital Transformation, Democratic Governance, E-Governance, Citizen Participation, Digital Democracy
  topic: keywords
creator: INDRASENA PALAKA
rights: Copyright (c) 2021 Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2020-06-25
publication date: 2020-06-25
starting page: 1023
ending page: 1027
doi: 10.69980/ankx5j36

A Privacy-Preserving Multi-Objective Reinforcement Learning Framework for Scalable Big Data Knowledge Discovery and Distributed Processing
type: item
description: This paper introduces a new paradigm that builds upon the Pareto Q-learning that supports multi-objective reinforcement learning to deal with privacy preservation and scalability of big data knowledge discovery and distributed processing. The suggested design incorporates deep function approximation methods that are effective at addressing big and continuous state action spaces typical in the big data analytic conditions of reality. Federated learning and DP are privacy-preserving systems which are incorporated to protect sensitive information during distributed computation. New exploration-exploitation strategies are presented to solve the privacy-conscious, large-scale data environment to boost learning speed and efficiency. The framework also uses adaptive set assessment and pruning algorithms to cope with the complexities in the computations required to maintain Pareto optimal sets of policies. Large-scale experiments on benchmark data sets show that the framework has high ability to balance between various objectives of privacy, scalability, and accuracy of knowledge extraction when compared to the state-of-the-art multi-objective reinforcement learning methodologies. The findings justify the method being proposed as scalable, secure and effective in terms of privacy aware big data mining using distributed multi objective reinforcement learning.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Multi-Objective Reinforcement Learning, Privacy Preservation, Big Data Mining, Knowledge Discovery, Distributed Processing, Pareto Q-Learning.
  topic: keywords
creator: Sumathi T
creator: baranidharan T
rights: Copyright (c) 2021 Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2020-08-10
publication date: 2020-08-10
starting page: 1152
ending page: 1163
doi: 10.69980/dv6evq32

Adoption of Secure Access Service Edge (SASE) in Distributed Enterprises for Ensuring Cloud Application Protection and Network Optimization through Unified Security Frameworks
type: item
description: The rapid shift toward distributed workforces and cloud-based applications has exposed vulnerabilities in traditional network security models, prompting enterprises to explore Secure Access Service Edge (SASE) as a unified framework. This study investigates the adoption of SASE in distributed enterprises, focusing on its role in enhancing cloud application protection and network optimization. Employing a mixed-methods approach, including a survey of 250 IT decision-makers from enterprises across North America and Europe (conducted in 2019) and secondary analysis of industry reports available on 2019, the research evaluates adoption drivers, implementation challenges, and performance outcomes. Key findings indicate that a majority of enterprises reported measurable reductions in security incidents and improvements in network performance following SASE adoption. The study concludes that SASE's convergence of networking and security services fosters resilience in hybrid environments, though integration complexities persist. Implications underscore the need for standardized frameworks to accelerate adoption, contributing to theoretical advancements in cybersecurity architectures and practical guidelines for enterprise leaders.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Secure Access Service Edge (SASE), distributed enterprises, cloud application protection, network optimization, unified security frameworks, zero trust architecture, SD-WAN, cybersecurity adoption.
  topic: keywords
creator: Mr. Suprith Anchala
rights: Copyright (c) 2021 Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2020-10-14
publication date: 2020-10-14
starting page: 2964
ending page: 2973
doi: 10.69980/60m26411

The Evolution of Database Security from Centralized Architectures to Distributed Cloud-Native Systems: A Comparative and Historical Perspective
type: item
description: This article examines the historical and comparative evolution of database security paradigms, tracing developments from early centralized mainframe systems in the 1960s to contemporary distributed cloud-native architectures. Employing a mixed-method approach integrating historical analysis, comparative evaluation of security models, and quantitative assessment of vulnerability metrics across eras, the study analyzes architectural shifts, threat landscapes, and mitigation strategies. Key findings reveal a 450% increase in attack surface complexity from monolithic to microservices-based systems between 1980 and 2019, alongside a 68% improvement in mean time to detection through AI-driven security orchestration. The research identifies persistent challenges in key management across distributed environments and proposes a unified security framework integrating zero-trust principles with blockchain-based audit trails. Results demonstrate that while cloud-native systems introduce new vectors (container escapes, API vulnerabilities), they enable proactive defense through immutable infrastructure and automated policy enforcement. The study contributes a novel security evolution index correlating architectural complexity with breach probability, offering actionable insights for practitioners transitioning to distributed paradigms..
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Database security, centralized architectures, distributed systems, cloud-native security, access control models, encryption evolution, vulnerability management, zero-trust architecture.
  topic: keywords
creator: Nagaraju Devulapalli
rights: Copyright (c) 2021 Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2024-10-20
publication date: 2024-10-20
starting page: 2954
ending page: 2963
doi: 10.69980/j1064z97

Deployment of Shift-Left Security Practices in Agile Development for Embedding Security Controls Early in the Lifecycle and Reducing Technical Debt through Dev-Centric Training
type: item
description: This study explores the integration of shift-left security practices within agile development methodologies to embed security controls early in the software development lifecycle (SDLC) and mitigate technical debt via developer-centric training programs. Employing a mixed-methods approach, including surveys of 250 software professionals and case studies from three agile teams, the research evaluates adoption rates, impact on vulnerability reduction, and debt repayment efficiency. Key findings reveal that shift-left practices increase security control embedding by 42%, reducing technical debt by 35% over six months, while dev-centric training boosts developer proficiency by 28%. These results underscore the efficacy of proactive security in agile environments, offering theoretical advancements in DevSecOps frameworks and practical guidelines for organizations. Conclusions emphasize the need for tailored training to foster cultural shifts, ultimately enhancing software resilience and operational agility..
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: shift-left security, agile development, DevSecOps, technical debt, developer training, SDLC security, vulnerability mitigation, secure coding practices
  topic: keywords
creator: Deepthi Talasila
rights: Copyright (c) 2021 Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2020-01-15
publication date: 2020-01-15
starting page: 643
ending page: 651
doi: 10.69980/jzqq0t93

Smart Agro-Assistant : AI-based Plant Disease Detection with Climate-Aware Cultivation Planning
type: item
description: Agriculture functions as the essential foundation which sustains global food security yet plant diseases and climate changes together with poor agricultural management practices diminish crop production. The traditional disease detection process requires health professionals to manually inspect plants and consult experts which results in delays that make the system inaccessible for farmers who live in distant areas. Existing digital solutions restrict their focus to image-based disease detection while ignoring the environmental elements that affect crop health and disease transmission. The researchers present the Smart Agro-Assistant which functions as an artificial intelligence agricultural support solution that combines deep learning-based plant disease detection with climate-aware agricultural planning. The system employs a ResNet50-based Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to identify various plant diseases through analysis of leaf images. The implementation of transfer learning methods enables higher classification performance while streamlining the training process. The XGBoost-based machine learning model provides intelligent agricultural recommendations by analyzing environmental factors which include temperature and humidity and rainfall to determine suitable pesticide applications and effective crop production methods. The system uses a Weather API to access current climatic data which enables it to modify its recommendations based on actual environmental conditions. The platform uses Django for its backend system and React.js for its frontend interface which deploys to cloud infrastructure to deliver both scalability and user access. The web interface allows farmers to upload plant leaf images which provide them with immediate disease diagnosis results together with confidence scores and treatment recommendations. The research shows that deep learning methods integrated with c experiments produce successful results.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Plant Disease Detection, Precision Agriculture, Deep Learning, ResNet50, XGBoost, Climate-Aware Agriculture, Smart Farming, Agricultural Decision Support Systems
  topic: keywords
creator: Daria Sandeep
creator: Venkata Karthik Sai Mariserla
creator: Bussa Anwesh
creator: Pawar Nandini
creator: Kasarla Ganesh
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-04-04
publication date: 2026-04-04
starting page: 17
ending page: 26
doi: 10.69980/mejr0z61

Smart Agro-Assistant : AI-based Plant Disease Detection with Climate-Aware Cultivation Planning
type: item
description: Agriculture functions as the essential foundation which sustains global food security yet plant diseases and climate changes together with poor agricultural management practices diminish crop production. The traditional disease detection process requires health professionals to manually inspect plants and consult experts which results in delays that make the system inaccessible for farmers who live in distant areas. Existing digital solutions restrict their focus to image-based disease detection while ignoring the environmental elements that affect crop health and disease transmission. The researchers present the Smart Agro-Assistant which functions as an artificial intelligence agricultural support solution that combines deep learning-based plant disease detection with climate-aware agricultural planning. The system employs a ResNet50-based Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to identify various plant diseases through analysis of leaf images. The implementation of transfer learning methods enables higher classification performance while streamlining the training process. The XGBoost-based machine learning model provides intelligent agricultural recommendations by analyzing environmental factors which include temperature and humidity and rainfall to determine suitable pesticide applications and effective crop production methods. The system uses a Weather API to access current climatic data which enables it to modify its recommendations based on actual environmental conditions. The platform uses Django for its backend system and React.js for its frontend interface which deploys to cloud infrastructure to deliver both scalability and user access. The web interface allows farmers to upload plant leaf images which provide them with immediate disease diagnosis results together with confidence scores and treatment recommendations. The research shows that deep learning methods integrated with c experiments produce successful results.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Plant Disease Detection, Precision Agriculture, Deep Learning, ResNet50, XGBoost, Climate-Aware Agriculture, Smart Farming, Agricultural Decision Support Systems
  topic: keywords
creator: Daria Sandeep
creator: Venkata Karthik Sai Mariserla
creator: Bussa Anwesh
creator: Pawar Nandini
creator: Kasarla Ganesh
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-04-01
publication date: 2026-04-01
starting page: 07
ending page: 16
doi: 10.69980/7hnnex15

Impact of Digital Payments on Small Businesses in Tirunelveli District
type: item
description: The rapid evolution of digital payment systems is transforming business operations globally, including in India. This study explores the impact of digital payments on small businesses in Tirunelveli District, based on a survey of 145 business owners, such as shopkeepers and micro-entrepreneurs. Findings reveal that the Unified Payments Interface (UPI) and mobile wallets are preferred options, with many respondents reporting increased sales and improved operational efficiency after adopting these methods. Data shows a significant link between digital payment adoption and enhanced business performance. However, challenges like digital literacy, infrastructure issues, and security concerns remain. To maximise benefits, we recommend investing in digital literacy, improving infrastructure, and implementing secure payment solutions.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Digital Payments, Small Businesses, Tirunelveli District, UPI, Mobile Wallets, Business Performance
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. J. Leelavathy Packiathai
rights: Copyright (c) 2021 Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2020-09-30
publication date: 2020-09-30
starting page: 1144
ending page: 1151
doi: 10.69980/dr4kfc62

A Study of Indian Art Painting Techniques
type: item
description: In front of Jesus, on a high pillar, there is the big statue of Caesar; at some distance from it, in a dark corner, Jesus is standing in an extremely humiliated condition surrounded by Roman soldiers. Rembrandt passed before his mind the array of episodes relating to the life of Jesus; and having so reviewed them all, he chose for his portrayal, the superb moment when at the end of his strivings in the cause of religion, which Jesus regarded to be true, he was discarded by his own people and brought in a humiliated state before the Roman Judge. The choice of this particular moment, though revealing the great artistic insight of Rembrandt, fails to put Jesus in the proper perspective as revealed in a saintly personality taken as a whole. The Indian artists, however, particularly when they represented the character of the Buddha or the Bodhisattva, of the gods and goddesses, did not lay emphasis on any passing feeling of delight, anger, hatred or the like, but they tried to discover the true personality as the object of creation. This personality was perceived by them as dominating over individual moments of varying emotions and could be regarded characterising the soul or essence of the artist's object of creation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: .............
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Rekha Pancholi
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2013-09-20
publication date: 2013-09-20
starting page: 75
ending page: 76
doi: 10.69980/ksxnx186

Crop Diversification in Nalgonda District, Telangana
type: item
description: The Application of Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing plays a pivotal role in modern agricultural studies. These technologies enable the identification of various land use and land cover types, as well as natural resources like water bodies, flora, agricultural fields, fallow lands, barren terrain, and residential areas. This data is particularly valuable for assessing the feasibility of crop diversification in regions like Nalgonda District, which has a high potential for agricultural development due to its established irrigation infrastructure, farmer interest, and the expanding agro-business sector. Despite this potential, many farmers remain hesitant to adopt crop diversification strategies due to perceived risks. This study examines how geospatial data can assist in overcoming these challenges by providing clear, knowledge-based insights into crop diversification. The research, based on field surveys, researcher observations, and a thorough review of existing literature, aims to provide decision-makers, particularly farmers, with actionable information on the benefits of crop diversification. The findings of this study are expected to benefit a range of stakeholders, including academic researchers, policymakers, geographers, and agricultural experts, by offering valuable insights into sustainable farming practices and regional agricultural planning.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Nalgonda, Agricultural Productivity, GIS, Remote Sensing, Sustainability.
  topic: keywords
creator: Mr.Chandra Shekar Konda
creator: Prof. A. Bala Kishan
rights: Copyright (c) 2021 Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2019-01-09
publication date: 2019-01-09
starting page: 464
ending page: 478
doi: 10.69980/n9cxwr42

STUDIES ON ANTIMICROBAL EVALUATION OF ACHYRANTHES ASPERA, RICE HUSK, TOOTH POWDER AND TOTH PASTE AGAINST ORAL PATHOGENS – GC-MS ANALYSIS
type: item
description: Dental caries is a major health problem throughout the world. For cleaning the tooth tooth paste, tooth powder has been used nowadays. But in olden days the people mostly use plant material to get escape from the oral pathogens. Achyranthes aspera is one of the medicinal plants. The roots of Achyranthes aspera have a tremendous role in preventing the growth of oral pathogens. The aim of the study is to compare the antimicrobial activity including the roots of Achyranthes aspera, rice husk, tooth powder and tooth paste. From the result analysis, the roots of Achyranthes aspera shows maximum zone of inhibition. GC-MS analysis has been performed to identify the chemical compounds of the root. Some of the compounds have been present in our tooth pastes as the compounds present in root extract of Achyranthes aspera.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: .
  topic: keywords
creator: Selvamohan T
creator: Arul Jothi Lakshmi A
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-12-26
publication date: 2025-12-26
starting page: 155
ending page: 164
doi: 10.53555/aze07h21

Spiritual Intelligence, Resilience, and Life Satisfaction among Youth in the Border Belt of R.S. Pura: A Correlational Study
type: item
description: Youth residing in border regions often experience distinguishing socio-psychological challenges that includes exposure to uncertainty, stress, and limited progressive prospects, which can adversely influence their wellbeing and life satisfaction. Positive psychological constructs such as spiritual intelligence and resilience play an important role in helping individuals to manage efficiently and maintain psychological balance. Spiritual intelligence, which involves the capacity to derive the meaning, purpose, and inner strength is progressively recognized as a significant component of overall wellbeing. The present descriptive correlational study aimed to examine the relationship between spiritual intelligence, resilience, and life satisfaction among youth in the border belt of R.S. Pura of Jammu distric. A sample of 100 youth (aged 18–29 years) was selected by using purposive sampling. Data were collected through Indian-adapted tools including the Spiritual Intelligence Scale (King, 2008; Indian adaptation), the Brief Resilience Scale (Smith et al., 2008; Indian adaptation), and the Life Satisfaction Scale (Singh & Joseph, 2010). Descriptive statistics were used to describe the variables and the Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficient was applied to analyze the relationships among them. The findings indicated that spiritual intelligence was positively and significantly correlated with resilience (r = .50, p < .001) and life satisfaction (r = .58, p < .001). Resilience showed a significant positive relationship with life satisfaction (r = .45, p < .001). These results suggest that higher spiritual intelligence is associated with stronger resilience and greater life satisfaction among youth in border areas. The study findings revealed that spiritual intelligence aids as an important psychological resource in enhancing resilience and promoting life satisfaction. The findings also highlight the need to integrate spiritual and value-based interventions along wi…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Spiritual Intelligence, Resilience, Life Satisfaction, Youth, Border Belt
  topic: keywords
creator: Prof. Renu Nanda
creator: Dr. Sheetal Sharma
rights: Copyright (c) 2021 Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2020-11-24
publication date: 2020-11-24
starting page: 633
ending page: 642
doi: 10.69980/w9b1q462

"Artificial Intelligence: Empowering Learning, Inspiring Futures"
type: item
description: Artificial Intelligence (AI) a fifth-generation computer technology which enables machine to do the work done by the human intelligence.AI task include knowing language, understanding past experiences, recognizing patterns and making decision, it process huge data, identify trends, and next it applies those insights for predicting outcomes.1 With the revolution AI there are huge changes seen in the style of industrial work and pattern and hence different category of skilled workers are needed for the industry. Traditional human resources are not capable to meet the expectation of present need. As Artificial intelligence has changes pattern of the industrial work force so application of AI in education is necessary to fill the gap to bring out AI efficient Human resources. Artificial Intelligence may be assimilating in the academic system in various ways to intensify teaching and learning. Artificial Intelligence support personalized learning by focusing content of individual students’ requirement, it dispenses intelligent tutoring system which imitate human tutor, and begins virtual teaching assistants attend and resolve students’ queries. It refines administrative efficacy though automated system like- grading predictive analytics, scheduling, gamification etc. Implying AI, academic systems can be more sound full, effective and learner centric.2 .
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: PLS, ITS, Proctoring, Robotic Engineering, Data engineering, Machine engineering
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Prasanta Debnath
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-03-16
publication date: 2026-03-16
starting page: 01
ending page: 06
doi: 10.69980/5w674661

Virtual and Augmented Reality in STEM Education: Enhancing Students’ Learning Outcomes
type: item
description: In India, STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics) education is widely recognized as critical for national development, yet it faces significant challenges. Despite India’s emphasis on technology, only about a quarter of higher-education enrollments are in STEM fields, and engineering/technology undergraduates declined from 16% in 2014–15 to just 11.8% in 2021–22. STEM courses are often viewed as “elite” and costly. At the school level, large resource gaps persist: for example, UNESCO reported over 1.1 million (19%) teacher vacancies, 69% of which are in rural schools. National data (UDISE+) show that only ~57% of schools have functional computers and [1]~54% have Internet access, and less than 25% have smart classrooms. Rural and under-resourced areas suffer acute disadvantages (only ~32% of schools have computers, rural internet penetration <40%). These challenges – lack of infrastructure, teacher shortages, rote‐learning culture and urban–rural disparities – underscore the need for innovative teaching methods. India’s National Education Policy (2020) calls for more experiential, competency-based learning, implying a role for educational technologies such as Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR). This paper examines how VR/AR are being applied in Indian STEM education, their pedagogical benefits, real-world use cases, challenges, and policy implications.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Virtual and Augmented Reality, STEM education, Learning Outcomes, Teaching Effectiveness
  topic: keywords
creator: Gopal Singh
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2024-03-26
publication date: 2024-03-26
starting page: 126
ending page: 131
doi: 10.69980/whbz8681

The Competitive Effects of School Choice on Students’ Achievement
type: item
description: This systematic review examines empirical evidence on how the expansion of school-choice policies – specifically charter schools, voucher programs, magnet schools, and open enrollment – affects academic achievement for (a) participating students and (b) students remaining in traditional public schools. We conducted comprehensive searches of education and economics databases, focusing on studies from roughly 2008–2023 (with some foundational older works) and including international examples. We included quantitative, peer-reviewed or authoritative studies that explicitly measured competition from school choice and reported test-score outcomes or other academic metrics. Our review synthesizes over 25 studies across diverse settings. Overall, findings are mixed and context-dependent. For charter schools, some early U.S. studies (e.g. Florida) found modest public-school gains, but most later analyses find no spillover or even slight negative effects on traditional schools. Voucher programs (notably Florida and other means-tested programs) have sometimes yielded small positive “rising tide” effects, boosting non-voucher students’ achievement. Magnet schools tend to improve outcomes for attending students, but their systemwide competitive effects are unclear; in some cases, magnets draw high-achievers away from already-strong schools. Open enrollment (public school choice within districts) shows mixed outcomes: students who transfer often see no test-score benefit, while sending districts under pressure have in some cases raised achievement. International studies echo this ambiguity: cross-country analyses find more choice generally correlates with higher achievement, but studies in places like the Netherlands have found negative associations. We summarize key positive and negative findings and note contradictions. Methodological limitations – including selection bias, non-experimental designs, varied definitions of “competition,” and context-specific factors – constrain …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: School Choice, Student Achievement, Voucher Program
  topic: keywords
creator: Gopal Singh
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2023-09-16
publication date: 2023-09-16
starting page: 467
ending page: 475
doi: 10.69980/8akgsv90

Common Fixed Point Theorem For Six Mappings In Dislocated Metric Spaces
type: item
description: In this paper, by employing the notions of compatibility, weak compatibility, and commutativity, we establish several common fixed-point theorems for six mappings in complete dislocated metric spaces. Our work enhances and extends several earlier results in the literature. 2020 Mathematical Sciences Classification: 54H25, 47H10
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Dislocated Metric Space, Compatibility, Weak Compatibility, Common Fixed Point, Cauchy Sequence, Commuting Mapping
  topic: keywords
creator: Naveen Jha
rights: Copyright (c) 2021 Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2020-11-24
publication date: 2020-11-24
starting page: 1011
ending page: 1022
doi: 10.53555/skt46r14

From Impersonation to Sextortion: A Thematic Case Study of Cyber Enabled Sexual Harassment in Tamil Nadu
type: item
description: Cyber enabled sexual harassment and blackmail are often discussed as online nuisance or moral risk, yet victim narratives show a patterned escalation that produces intense psychological and social harm. This paper presents a qualitative single case study from a district in Tamil Nadu, drawn from a larger mixed methods doctoral study of cybercrime victimisation in three southern districts. Using a semi structured interview and thematic analysis, the case is analysed as an escalation pathway. The findings show seven linked stages, trust entry through impersonation cues, boundary testing and forced intimacy demands, escalation to sexual harassment and demands for explicit reciprocity, persistence through anonymity and repeated identity switching, evidence fragility linked to disappearing chats and restricted capture, coercion through reputational threat and blackmail, and coping through evidence workarounds and formal reporting. The case highlights how platform conditions can amplify harm by limiting evidence preservation at the point of crisis, and how low feedback during early complaint processing can prolong distress. The paper argues for a victim centred first response model that combines rapid evidence preservation guidance, platform cooperation for traceability and secure export, and trauma informed communication in cybercrime reporting pathways.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: cyber victimisation, sextortion, image based sexual abuse, online sexual harassment, coercive control, thematic analysis
  topic: keywords
creator: Ms. Prabha A
creator: Prof. Dr. Beulah Shekhar
rights: Copyright (c) 2021 Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2020-01-30
publication date: 2020-01-30
starting page: 1003
ending page: 1010
doi: 10.53555/cd84aq49

Power Generation, Transmission, and Distribution: Principles and Recent Developments
type: item
description: The electric power sector is undergoing a profound transformation driven by the rapid integration of renewable energy sources, widespread deployment of power electronic converters, and increasing digitalisation of power system operation. These changes are reshaping the traditional structure of power generation, transmission, and distribution networks, while introducing new technical and operational challenges related to system stability, protection, planning, and resilience. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the fundamental principles and recent developments across all major layers of modern power systems. Key advancements in renewable generation technologies, grid-forming inverters, energy storage systems, high-voltage direct current transmission, active distribution networks, and microgrids are systematically discussed. In addition, the growing role of digitalisation, artificial intelligence, and digital twin technologies in enhancing system observability, control, and decision-making is examined. The review further highlights emerging challenges in protection, transmission–distribution coordination, and resilience-oriented planning under high renewable penetration. Regulatory frameworks and grid codes are also considered in the context of supporting reliable and sustainable power system evolution. By synthesising recent research and identifying open challenges, this review provides valuable insights for researchers, system planners, and policymakers working toward the development of resilient, low-carbon, and intelligent power systems.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Power generation; Power transmission; Power distribution; Renewable energy integration; Grid-forming inverters; Smart grids; Digital twins
  topic: keywords
creator: Manoj Kumar Saxena
rights: Copyright (c) 2021 Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2020-11-28
publication date: 2020-11-28
starting page: 2497
ending page: 2516
doi: 10.53555/jr6d4033

Ecological (Paradigm) Bhavna In Buddhism And Sustainability
type: item
description: Today’s growing environmental challenges have forced humanity to rethink its relationship with nature. Traditional wisdom, particularly from Buddhism, provides meaningful ways to develop a more balanced, compassionate, and sustainable lifestyle. This paper explores the Buddhist ecological paradigm, explaining its core ideas such as interdependence, non-violence, mindfulness, and the Middle Path, and how these teachings are relevant to sustainability today. It also examines modern environmental problems like climate change, pollution, and loss of biodiversity, and suggests Buddhist remedies to address these crises. The study concludes that Buddhist principles offer not just moral guidance, but also practical methods for creating a more sustainable and harmonious future.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Buddhism, Ecology, Sustainability, Interdependence, Compassion, Non-violence, Mindfulness, Environmental Ethics, Simplicity, Middle Path.
  topic: keywords
creator: Mamata Mandal
rights: Copyright (c) 2021 Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2020-06-18
publication date: 2020-06-18
starting page: 629
ending page: 632
doi: 10.53555/a1ek4635

The Three Fold Path Of Liberation (Moksha) In Indian Philosophies
type: item
description: Bondage in Indian philosophy means liability of an individual to birth and all the consequent sufferings while liberation (moksha) means complete end of sufferings. Perhaps the biggest thought in man’s search for happiness is the thought of liberation. All human beings always struggle for their existence on earth like all other conscious beings. However, the lower beings always struggle almost blindly without any fixed plan and purpose. They are motivated by instinct. On the other hand, man uses his intellect to understand the situations and meaning of that struggle and try to find out the plans and instruments to ensure their success in his life. They wish to lead their life in the light of their knowledge of themselves and the world. Hence, this paper represents an attempt to discuss the philosophical and practical aspects of liberation (Moksha) in the Gita and other Indian philosophies especially with reference to the threefold path which lead to attain liberation (moksha) by individuals.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Liberation (Moksha), Hinduism, Sufferings, Citta, Nirvana, Brahman, Reincarnation, Karma, Yoga, Meditation, World, God, Supreme Perfection, Three fold path.
  topic: keywords
creator: Mamata Mandal
rights: Copyright (c) 2021 Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2020-06-24
publication date: 2020-06-24
starting page: 620
ending page: 628
doi: 10.53555/v4myca76

Identity Faith And The Constitution: Negotiating Religious Freedom In Contemporary India
type: item
description: Religion and faith in modern India are the subject of this study. Instead of aiming to separate religion from state power, it investigates how the Constitution does so. A political science perspective is used to explore how religious beliefs affect political involvement, voting behavior, governance, and public discourse in India. The public considers the Constitution as a democratic framework that controls religious expression rather than a codification of laws. Examining major political events like the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA), Sabarimala, and Ayodhya, the study shows how faith-based issues are exploited for political reasons and to mobilize large numbers of people. It shows how Hindutva has become a major intellectual movement that impacts state symbols, voting patterns, and policy by blending religious and nationalist ideals. The political effects of court rulings on power, public narratives, and majority-minority relations are analyzed. Religious issues are more than private or legal; they affect India's politics. Queer rights, citizenship, social inclusion, and faith-based politics affect these issues. The majority's political practices and non-religious people's democratic ambitions are always at odds. The paper contends that religion as a dynamic political factor in constitutional governance and modern power structures is necessary to comprehend Indian democracy.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Religion and Politics, Faith-Based Mobilization, Hindutva, Secularism, Indian Democracy, Constitutional Governance, Political Identity, Citizenship
  topic: keywords
creator: Qumber Ali
creator: Mohd Alyas Khan
rights: Copyright (c) 2021 Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2020-06-28
publication date: 2020-06-28
starting page: 996
ending page: 1002
doi: 10.53555/yczxjd24

Women In Local Self-Government: A Rural Perspective
type: item
description: Women’s participation in rural administration involves their active engagement in leadership, governance, and decision-making at the village and local levels. This involvement is essential for promoting inclusive development, social equity, and effective grassroots democracy. In rural areas, Local Self-Government (LSG) institutions play a critical role in managing day-to-day affairs, as decisions made at this level directly influence the provision of essential services and the overall well-being of the community.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Women’s participation, Rural administration, Local Self-Government
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr Gitanjali Baruah
rights: Copyright (c) 2021 Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2019-12-31
publication date: 2019-12-31
starting page: 768
ending page: 771
doi: 10.53555/0e7f4m66

Manasika Bhāvas and Lifestyle Stress: An Integrative Ayurvedic Review
type: item
description: Lifestyle stress has emerged as one of the most significant determinants of disease burden in the modern world, contributing to a wide spectrum of disorders ranging from anxiety, depression, metabolic syndrome, hypertension, autoimmune diseases, and functional gastrointestinal disorders. Contemporary biomedical science explains stress primarily through neuroendocrine, autonomic, and inflammatory pathways. In contrast, Ayurveda offers a comprehensive psychosomatic framework grounded in the concept of Manasika Bhāvas (mental and emotional states), which influence Doṣa, Agni, and Dhātu functions. Classical Ayurvedic literature recognizes emotional stress as a primary cause of disease and classifies stress-induced disorders as Adhija Vyādhi. This review integrates classical Ayurvedic doctrines with contemporary research in psychosomatic medicine, neuroimmunology, and mind–body medicine to elucidate the role of Manasika Bhāvas in lifestyle stress and its management. Ayurvedic therapeutic principles such as Sattvāvajaya Chikitsā, Āchāra Rasāyana, Daivavyapāśraya, Panchakarma, and Medhya Rasāyana are critically examined in light of modern evidence. This integrative approach provides a scientifically coherent and clinically relevant framework for addressing lifestyle stress and psychosomatic disorders.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Manasika Bhāvas; Lifestyle Stress; Ayurveda; Psychosomatic Disorders; Adhija Vyādhi; Triguna; Mind–Body Medicine
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr.Anurita Arun Sakat
creator: Dr. Shital Nathgosavi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-12-30
publication date: 2025-12-30
starting page: 27
ending page: 34
doi: 10.53555/32b7wx63

The Role of Humour in Nursing Education
type: item
description: Homour is recognized as a dynamic pedagogical strategy that can reduce anxiety, promote engagement, enhance memory retention, and foster positive classroom environments. Despite global literature on its effectiveness, limited research exists on its application and impact within nursing education in India, particularly in Uttar Pradesh. Objective: To explore the role of Homour in nursing education and its influence on student motivation, understanding, and class participation. Methods: A descriptive mixed‑methods study was conducted among 150 nursing students and 12 nursing faculty from three nursing colleges in Uttar Pradesh. Data were collected using standardized questionnaires, focus group discussions, and classroom observations. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, while qualitative data followed thematic analysis. Results: Homour was found to significantly enhance student engagement (p < 0.01), reduce educational stress, and improve retention of complex nursing concepts. Three major themes emerged: (1) Homour as a learning facilitator, (2) Homour and student–teacher rapport, and (3) Contextual challenges in academic application. Conclusion: Homour is a valuable educational strategy in nursing training. Its intentional and culturally sensitive use enhances learning outcomes and should be integrated systematically into nursing curricula.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Homour, nursing education, student engagement, pedagogy, Uttar Pradesh
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr Akansha Massey
creator: Mr Chatany Prakash Lodha
rights: Copyright (c) 2021 Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2020-06-07
publication date: 2020-06-07
starting page: 992
ending page: 995
doi: 10.53555/mt1z1797

Computer-Vision Framework for Automated Analysis of Animal Movement Ecology
type: item
description: This research paper introduces a new computer-vision system that can be deployed to automatize animal movement ecology. With the help of the development of high-resolution video capture (camera-traps and drone shots) and cutting-edge object-detection and motion-tracking algorithms, the framework transforms raw images into rich trajectories and conventional movement measures (e.g., stride length, turning angle, displacement). The method was tested on a semi-natural reserve, with the video of medium-sized terrestrial mammals passed through a modular pipeline that included object detection (fine-tuned Mask -CNN), multi-object tracking (adapted sort algorithm) and geo-referenced trajectory extraction. The use of performance evaluation showed that detecting performance was 0.91 with 0.88 recall (identity-switch rate 0.07/1,000 frames), a trajectory root-mean-square error of 1.42m over manual annotated paths. It took less time by approximately 85 percent compared to manual procedures on annotation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Supriyo Acharya
creator: Jayeeta Pyne
rights: Copyright (c) 2021 Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2020-05-15
publication date: 2020-05-15
starting page: 979
ending page: 991
doi: 10.53555/yvnage56

“Resisting the Raj: A Brief Critical Analysis of Indigenous Movements and Their Role in Shaping Colonial Policy Reforms in 19th Century India”
type: item
description: The nineteenth century witnessed a series of indigenous resistance movements across India that significantly challenged the authority and legitimacy of the British Raj. These movements ranging from localized peasant protests to regionally coordinated tribal and agrarian uprisings emerged primarily as responses to exploitative colonial policies, oppressive revenue systems, and the erosion of traditional socio-political institutions. This study critically examines the nature, leadership patterns, socio-economic motivations, and regional diversities of these indigenous movements, with a focus on how their persistent resistance compelled the colonial state to re-evaluate and modify its administrative and policy frameworks. Through an interdisciplinary approach that integrates archival sources, historiographical debates, and subaltern perspectives, the paper argues that these resistances were not isolated or spontaneous outbursts, but constituted coherent political expressions that shaped the trajectory of colonial governance. By analysing key uprisings such as the Santhal Rebellion, Indigo Revolt, Phulguri Peasant uprising and Patharughat movements, and other localized revolts, the study reveals how indigenous agency acted as a catalyst for colonial reforms, including revisions in land revenue policies, policing systems, and agrarian administration. Ultimately, the paper repositions indigenous resistance as a crucial force in the making of modern colonial policy in India and highlights its long-term implications for nationalist discourse.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject:
  topic: keywords
  value: Indigenous Resistance, Colonial Policy Reforms, Peasant Movements, Anti-Colonial Uprisings, Subaltern Politics, 19th Century India, Agrarian Revolts, Tribal Rebellions, British Raj, Political Consciousness, Land Revenue System, Administrative Restructuring, Historiography of Resistance, Assam Peasant Movements, Colonial Governance
creator: Siva Nath Pait
rights: Copyright (c) 2022 Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2022-10-02
publication date: 2022-10-02
starting page: 2352
ending page: 2360
doi: 10.53555/s2bp5h09

Social Issues in India in the 21st Century
type: item
description: India is a country with a rich culture and a long history. It is the world's second-most populous country, with over 1.3 billion people. India has made significant progress in many areas, such as technology, economy, and education. However, despite this progress, India still faces many social issues that affect the lives of its citizens. In this essay, we will explore some of the major social issues facing India in the 21st century. We will discuss the causes and consequences of these issues, and look at some of the efforts being made to address them.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Poverty
  topic: keywords
subject: Inequality
  topic: keywords
subject: Caste System
  topic: keywords
subject: Social Exclusion
  topic: keywords
subject: Gender Inequality
  topic: keywords
subject: Environmental Degradation
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Swati Vijayrao Daware (Kalmegh)
rights: Copyright (c) 2021 Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2020-05-30
publication date: 2020-05-30
starting page: 974
ending page: 978
doi: 10.53555/4fev8f77

Formulation Development and Evaluation of Deferasirox dispersible tablets
type: item
description: Formulation development and evaluation of Deferasirox dispersible tablets focuses on designing a patient-friendly, orally administrable dosage form that ensures rapid dispersion, enhanced palatability, and consistent bioavailability. Deferasirox, a poorly water-soluble iron-chelating agent, requires formulation strategies such as the use of suitable superdisintegrants, wet granulation techniques, and solubilizing agents to improve its dissolution profile. The development process typically involves optimization of tablet hardness, friability, disintegration time, and uniformity of drug content to achieve robust mechanical strength while maintaining fast dispersion in water. Evaluation studies further include in-vitro dissolution testing, compatibility assessments, and stability studies to ensure long-term product performance. Overall, well-designed Deferasirox dispersible tablets provide an effective and convenient therapeutic option for pediatric and geriatric patients requiring chronic iron chelation therapy. The objective of the current study was to development optimize a oral disintegration tablets. Deferasirox is a rationally designed oral Iron chelator.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Deferasirox, solubilizing agents, Evaluation, patients
  topic: keywords
creator: Shakti Jaiswal
rights: Copyright (c) 2021 Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2020-12-18
publication date: 2020-12-18
starting page: 2945
ending page: 2953
doi: 10.53555/av2et448

The Role of Anganwadi Workers in the Integrated Child Development Program
type: item
description: The Integrated Child Development Services Scheme is the largest and most important scheme of the Government of India. This scheme primarily focuses on the care and overall development of newborns. This scheme is implemented through Anganwadi centers by Anganwadi workers. Under the Integrated Child Development Services Scheme, Anganwadi workers are providing available services to beneficiaries through Anganwadis. However, research has revealed that Anganwadi workers face various problems, such as lack of basic facilities related to Anganwadis, workload, inadequate salaries, and inaccessibility to work areas. The findings of this research study indicate that in order to address the problems of Anganwadi workers and maintain quality, efforts are needed to provide basic facilities, provide adequate pay, and reduce workload.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Anganwadi Workers, Integrated Child Development Program
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Archana D.Bhaisare
rights: Copyright (c) 2021 Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2020-11-30
publication date: 2020-11-30
starting page: 2939
ending page: 2944
doi: 10.53555/25tm2x39

Attitude of Teachers towards the Need for Developing Life Skills among Secondary School Students
type: item
description: The term, “Life Skills” refers to a group of interpersonal skills, which can help an individual to make important decisions in life. Beyond reading, writing and arithmetic, a child needs to develop a broad set of competencies - cognitive, social and practical skills to face the challenges of the competitive world confidently. Life skills are the abilities for adaptive and positive behavior that enable individuals to deal effectively with the demands and challenges of everyday life. The World Health Organization (WHO) identified a core set of life skills such as Self-awareness, Empathy, Problem solving, Decision making, Goal setting, Critical thinking, Creative thinking, Effective communication, Assertiveness, Coping with stress and emotions. These skills are pivotal to lead a healthy and peaceful life. They help people develop the right attitude to think smartly, act wisely and live consciously. As teachers are the key functionaries of the educational process, there is an urgent need to develop in them a positive attitude and right perceptions towards life skills education. They are required to develop necessary competencies in developing life skills among their students. The present study is an attempt to explore the attitude of teachers towards developing 21st century life skills among secondary school students. The present study used Descriptive survey method of research. The investigator used a well prepared and standardized questionnaire with 40 items as the tool for collection of data from a sample of 500 teachers (80 Headmasters and 420 School Assistants) working in 80 selected secondary schools located in the rural as well as urban areas in Visakhapatnam district of Andhra Pradesh using Stratified Random Sampling method. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for analysis of data. The findings of the study revealed that Gender, Marital status, Age, Designation, Experience, Type of school management have no influence on the attitude of teachers towa…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Life skills education, Secondary School Students, Perceptions, Social skills, Emotional Skills, Adaptive behavior
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. T. Sharon Raju
creator: Harini Peta
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-11-18
publication date: 2025-11-18
starting page: 144
ending page: 154
doi: 10.53555/5r962d46